Partial History of Christian Missionary Atrocities

http://web.archive.org/web/20080415222023/www.burningcross.net/crusades/christian-missionary-atrocities.html

PARTIAL HISTORY OF
CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY ATROCITIES
Index of Christian Missionary Atrocities
Introduction
Christian Justice System
Crusades
Witch Burnings
Persecutions of the Jews
Genocide in Rwanda
Tahiti & the Pacific
Hawaii
Columbus & the Caribbean
North America
Virginia
Midwest
California Missions
Mexico City
The Philippines
Burma & Thailand
Vietnam
China
India
Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

The Christian missionary mindset is generally depicted as that of simple religious folk with a pure desire to peacefully spread their gospel and message of love. In reality, their methods of propagation are often anything but peaceful and usually leave behind a native population stripped of their culture and often decimated. With Christianity failing in the west, the evangelists seek new and greener fields in the poor and uneducated sections of third world countries, backed by huge coffers from the less zealous, who are nonetheless convinced that to bring civilization and religion to the poor natives is a noble cause, even if they don’t want it. Missionaries often intermix military campaigns with missionary campaigns in their fervor to “civilize the heathens,” who are often simple happy natives, whose only crime is that they are not Christians. This mood of conquering the heathens by any means, at any cost, is supported in the Bible:
“Thou shalt save alive nothing that breathest. But thou shalt utterly destroy them…” (Deut 20)
“But those mine enemies, which would not that I should reign over them, bring hither, and slay them before me.” (Luke 19.27)

In the words of one resident of Thailand, “They [Christian missionaries] seemed that they did not show any interest for our culture. Why? They are just eager to build big churches in every village. It seems that they are having two faces; under the title of help they suppress us. To the world, they gained their reputations as benefactors of disappearing tribes. They built their reputations on us for many years. The way they 
behaved with us seemed as if we did not know about god before they arrived here.”[1]

“Why do missionaries think they are the only ones who can perceive God?”

In fact, most of the civilizations which were overrun by zealous Christians in their conversion fervor, were highly evolved in their moral standards, with complex social structures, high standards of cleanliness and hygiene, decorative art and evolved sciences, and content with their own religion.
The arrival of Christianity actually caused these civilizations to move backwards. In this regard we need only look to Europe, for the Dark Ages of Europe is a time when the Church was in control. The Age of Enlightenment (Renaissance) began when the common people were freed from the tyranny of the Christian church.

Christian missionaries have oppressed many cultures, building churches atop temples, mosques and shrines. For example, the major churches in Rome are built atop pagan temples and many historians say that the Vatican itself is built on the ruins of a Mithra (the Roman Sungod) temple. The major Christian holy days are all taken from the pagan holy days. In fact, it is claimed by many historians and religious scholars that the entirety of Christianity is borrowed from other religions and cultures and is fraudulent — Christ is an amalgamation of a number of personalities existing prior to the [presumed] time of Christ. 

[ See also: The Borrowing Theory ]

CHRISTIAN JUSTICE SYSTEM

Because Christians believe that Jesus Christ suffered for the sins of others, they use this belief for their own purposes by “letting Christ suffer while they, the Christians, go on committing sin and crime.” That is why the Christians go on slaughtering the Non-Christians, totally worry-free and with a totally clean conscience, because Christ will take care of their sins and crimes, and because they don’t have to face the laws of Karma and Re-incarnation or the veritable consequences of these laws. It does not even occur to an average Christian to ask himself/herself a simple question, that if a person commits a murder and he tells the court that his Father will suffer in his place, will the court accept the substitute to suffer the sentence? An average Christian does not even think that if any court accepted this kind of substitution, then the justice system of the world, as we know it, would be totally destroyed and chaos would ensue.
History is witness to the mass destruction of countless cultures, and the almost complete genocide of entire races at the hands of Christianity. History is now proving that most cultures destroyed by Christianity far outweighed in morals and dignity what they were replaced by.

Since the effects of much missionary work, the cultural traditions of a people being replaced by some form of Christianity, are intentional, this means by definition (according to the United Nations) that genocide is the missionary profession: converting other peoples to Christianity and thus destroying them as an ethnical group, and denying the right of native peoples to exist as what they are, with their own culture, language, and religion. For a variety of reasons a massive depopulation, in other words the death of a large percentage of the native population, follows.[2] And this so-called righteous work continues even today around the world in the name of [Christian] humanitarian work.

The plain and simple truth is that people never give up their religion, any more than they give up their children or their parents…except when they are pressured with use of force or are offered attractive allurements. The Christian Slogan that “Faith in Jesus is the only way to Salvation,” besides being totally false, is also totally ineffective, in gaining converts. Trickery, treachery, bribery, and bayonetry, therefore, has to be used to obtain converts. The Christian Missionaries know this blatant truth and Christianity’s brutal and barbaric record of twenty centuries in winning converts, is a testament to the savage methods of Christianity. [3]

‘ The Christian resolve to find the world evil and ugly, has made the world evil and ugly.’
– Friedrich Nietzsche

CRUSADES

Many people think that the crusades were holy wars to liberate holy lands from non-Christians. But few are informed that many of the crusades were against other Christian sects, that many of these Crusades were launched for other purposes, such as the drowning of almost 6,000 Protestants by Spanish Catholic troops in the Netherlands in 1568, the sacking of the German city of Magdeburg in the 17th century, slaying 30,000 Protestants, followed by a 30 year war between Catholics and Protestants in which more than 40% of the population (mostly Germans) were decimated.
Probably the most revealing event was the capture and pillage of the Orthodox Christian bastion of Constantinople by the members of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, creating an animosity between Catholics and Orthodox Christians which has lasted into the 20th century.
In reality, the Crusades were the most ambitious Christian war enterprise and its most conspicuous failure. It was the attempt to force together all the known world and all mankind under the bishop of Rome, the Catholic Pope.

The Christian Crusades inspired the most bloodthirsty cruelty, and the greediest vandalism of medieval men. Politically motivated and fanatically aggravated, usurping all land and decimating all peoples who would not surrender to the Vatican. The Crusaders rolled over all who could not withstand their pillage and carnage like bloodthirsty conquerors.

By the end of the crusades, most European Christians believed the unfounded blood-libel myths — the rumor that Jews engaged in human sacrifice of Christian children. A long series of Christian persecutions of the Jews continued in Europe and Russia into the 20th century. They laid the foundation for the Nazi 
Holocaust. [4]


WITCH BURNINGS

Of course we have all heard of the Salem Witch Hunts of 1691-1692 and the burning of a number of “witches” alive at the stake by the Puritans. But did you know that the Salem witches were all proven innocent? Of course, this was found out after they were burned. Did you also know that this witch burning, carried out all over the world to the tune of several hundred thousand dead (80% women), was initiated by the Catholic church to rid their dominion of so-called heretics and was directly related to their mandate to re-populate Europe after the Black Death or plagues of the 1300′s, because their serfs were decreased by one third, thereby reducing the Church’s profit by one third, since they owned about 30% of Europe’s lands.[5] The ladies (midwives) were accused of impeding the birth rate — all birth control knowledge was vigorously erased, so much so that 20th century scholars believed birth control was a modern invention. The Inquisitors wrote, “No one is more dangerous and harmful to the Catholic faith than the midwives.”

Pope Innocent VIII’s infamous Witch Bull of 1484, launched several centuries of persecution of so-called witches. Several hundred thousand women, children and men (about 20%) were tortured and burned at the stake or hanged. The Malleus Maleficarum (the Witches Hammer or Handbook of the Inquisitors), available online here as a pdf – http://www.burningcross.net/crusades/malleus-maleficarum.pdf], written by two Dominican monks, was perhaps responsible for more widespread bloodshed than any other publication (Christian or otherwise). The policy of torturing, burning and hanging of supposed heretics has been the church’s policy for centuries, whenever they could get away with it. Between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries about a half a million people were executed for witchcraft, most of them women.

PERSECUTIONS OF THE JEWS

There is a long history of the persecution of Jews by Christians, starting with the burning of synagogues in the 4th century, to numerous killings of Jews who would not convert to Christianity, to the extermination of Jewish communities in many European countries, all the way to a number of extermination camps during World War II in Yugoslavia, headed by a Franciscan Friar and run by Catholics, which were the equal of the German kilns of Auschwitz — killing about half a million people alone in this small country[5.5].
Hitler Himself justified the extermination of the Jews citing the Bible and Jesus:

“My feelings as a Christian points me to my Lord and Savior as a fighter. It points me to the man who once in loneliness, surrounded only by a few followers, recognized these Jews for what they were and summoned men to fight against them and who, God’s truth! was greatest not as a sufferer but as a fighter. In boundless love as a Christian and as a man I read through the passage which tells us how the Lord at last rose in His might and seized the scourge to drive out of the Temple the brood of vipers and adders. How terrific was His fight for the world against the Jewish poison. To-day, after two thousand years, with deepest emotion I recognize more profoundly than ever before in the fact that it was for this that He had to shed His blood upon the Cross. As a Christian I have no duty to allow myself to be cheated, but I have the duty to be a fighter for truth and justice…. And if there is anything which could demonstrate that we are acting rightly it is the distress that daily grows. For as a Christian I have also a duty to my own people…. When I go out in the morning and see these men standing in their queues and look into their pinched faces, then I believe I would be no Christian, but a very devil if I felt no pity for them, if I did not, as did our Lord two thousand years ago, turn against those (the Jews) by whom to-day this poor people is plundered and exploited. “:

(Adolf Hitler, in his speech on 12 April 1922)

[Note, "brood of vipers" appears in Matt. 3:7 & 12:34. John 2:15 depicts Jesus driving out the money changers (adders) from the temple. The word "adders" also appears in Psalms 140:3]

GENOCIDE IN RWANDA

Have you seen the Rwanda movie? Do you know that a substantial number of priests, nuns and even Bishops were indicted and a great many were convicted (by war crimes tribunals) for being directly responsible for the senseless slaughter of thousands of innocent Tutsis? Many clergy turned over those who had taken shelter in their churches to the machetes of the Hutu militia. The hatred and division between the Hutus and Tutsis was propagated by the missionaries as favorable for their objectives of conversion to Christianity.

One priest even burned down his own church to kill hundreds of Tutsis who had taken sanctuary there. Two priests were sentenced to death in 1998 for their roles in this genocide and two Benedictine nuns who supplied gasoline for the burning of Tutsi civilians sheltered in their church fled to Belgium where they were later convicted of complicity to murder.

“Sister Maria Kisito, who received 12 years, and her Mother Superior, Sister Gertrude, who received 15 years, were convicted of aiding in the slaughter of some 7,000 people who sought refuge at their convent in southern Rwanda. Prosecutors argued that they called in Hutu militiamen to drive people out of the convent knowing they would be killed, and later provided gasoline that militiamen used to set fire to a garage in which about 500 Tutsis had taken refuge.” (Washington Post, June 9, 2001)[6]
Of course the Catholic Church has claimed their clergy were acting independently of the church, even though much of the most notable genocide occurred in churches and it is well known that the church’s policy has been for centuries to divide and convert, to sew dissention between ethnic groups and then move in and take advantage of the chaos to offer Christian solace and conversion.

In the end nearly one million civilians were butchered.

TAHITI & THE PACIFIC

We all remember the story of Captain Bligh and the Mutiny on the Bounty. However, hardly anyone knows that the crew mutinied because they were so attracted to the idyllic life on Tahiti — the crew was determined to return to Tahiti and not go to England. Captain Cook himself wrote of “these happy islands and the good people on them. ” Further, he later wrote, “It would have been far better for these poor people never to have known us.”

In 1797, the London Missionary Society put its first missionaries on the shores of Tahiti. Fourteen years later they had not made one convert, even though the happy Tahitians provided them with servants galore, built their houses and fed them. Finally the Christians devised an ingenious plan, which ‘converted’ the entire island in one day. According to a letter written home by brethren J. M. Orsmond, one of their own members, they reduced the local chief, Pomare, to an alcoholic and backed him in a war against other island chiefs, supplying him with firearms, to be used against the other islanders clubs. The understanding was that with his victory all would be forced to convert. Then, a reign of terror followed where non-believers were killed. It was declared illegal by the Christians for anyone to decorate themselves with flowers, to sing (other than hymns), to surf or dance. Within 25 years the native culture of Tahiti and the entire Pacific was extinguished.

The attempt to make the Tahitians into service growers of sugar cane failed and the good Christian Mr. Orsmond, deciding that “a bountiful nature diminishes men’s natural desire to work,” had all the breadfruit trees cut down. Such practices, as well as diseases (brought from outside), such as syphilis, tuberculosis and smallpox reduced the original population (estimated by Cook at 200,000) to 6,000 after thirty years of missionary rule.

Their power base firmly established in Tahiti, the missionaries moved swiftly to the outer islands, using the same techniques. They introduced a local chieftan to the bottle, crowned him king and induced him to carry out the Christian’s work of conquering and converting at sword point.

The Polynesians and Melanesian people were also very cultured and intertwined with the processes of creation. They decorated everything with intricate wood carvings and flowers and produced many beautiful things. Yet by 1850 all this was gone, the only remaining vestige of these great cultures were the grass skirts and swaying hips for the tourists. Prior to the Christianization of Polynesia and Hawaii the local dances were mostly performed by men of the priesthood, the Christians turned such dances as the Hula into a sex show for the tourists. The Christian conquest of the Pacific was complete.

HAWAII

Not only did the missionaries and the Europeans bring the Bible to Hawaii they also brought diseases to the native population. The British explorer Captain James Cook’s visit to Hawaii in 1778 is generally credited with the ‘discovery’ of Hawaii but history reveals that others had been there before. Many missionaries followed.

The Hawaiians, like the American Indians, had no idea what private property meant. The missionaries decided the land belonged to them and not the native Hawaiian population. With the help of the American diplomatic representative at Honolulu, the Hawaiian capitol, and the aid of the United States warship Boston, a coup d’etat was implemented. The Boston landed Marines and sailors. The American missionary party formed a provisional Government and endeavored to make a treaty with the United States looking for annexation. Later, when President McKinley came to office the request of the rump Government for annexation was undertaken.

The original missionaries to Hawaii ended up large landowners. Although the missionaries were a small handful of the population they ended up with vast land holdings to the exclusion of the native Hawaiians, who had lived there for thousands of years. Put simply, the missionaries stole their land.
The missionaries did everything possible to destroy the ethnic Hawaiian culture, from banning all Hawaiian religious practices, walking barefoot, and even banning a faultless sport like surfing. Christians [according to the Hawaiians] are said to have introduced the mosquito into Hawaii in the hopes that this would force the natives to wear more clothes. Only in modern times has pride in Hawaiian art, song, dance and religion been revived.

“When the Christians came to these islands they said, take this Bible, close your eyes and pray, so we did; when we opened our eyes all we had was this Bible and the white man had all our Islands.” Hawaiian Kahuna

COLUMBUS & THE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS

Christopher Columbus, a trader of African slaves, is best known as the ‘so-called’ discoverer of America. In his personal log, Columbus wrote that, his purpose in seeking undiscovered worlds was “to bring the Gospel of Jesus Christ to the heathens.” [Columbus' Book of Prophecies]
On his first voyage Columbus described the natives as follows:

“The people of this island and of all other islands which I have found and seen, … all … are so artless and free with all they possess, that no one would believe it without having seen it. Of anything they have, if you ask them for it, they never say no; rather they invite the person to share it, and show as much love as if they were giving their hearts…” But Colombus’ mission was to take the land for Christendom and convert all these peoples to Christianity or exterminate them and replace their culture, hence:

In whichever island he touched (on his second voyage) his men killed indiscriminately whatever animals and natives they found, “looting and destroying all they found,” as Columbus’ son Fernando put it. The natives were either killed or enslaved. Columbus commented in this regard, that the natives “ought to be good servants… and would easily be made Christians,” because he saw his affairs as the “fulfillment of prophecies in Isaiah.” To any objections from the natives, Columbus responded with, “…with the help of God, we shall … make war against you in all ways and manners that we can, and shall subject you to the yoke and obedience of the Church and of Their Highness. We shall take you and your wives and your children, and shall make slaves of them.” [7]

Eyewitnesses recalled, “Once the Indians were in the woods, the next step was to form squadrons and pursue them, and whenever the Spaniards found them, they pitilessly slaughtered everyone like sheep… So they would cut an Indian’s hands and leave them dangling… Some Christians encounter an Indian women, and since the dog they had with them was hungry, they tore the child from the mother’s arms and flung it still living to the dog…” After all, the Indians were only infidels.”

Of Columbus’ second voyage, it has been further written: “The Spaniards found pleasure in inventing all kinds of odd cruelties… They built a long gibbet, long enough for the toes to touch the ground to prevent strangling, and hanged thirteen [natives] at a time in honor of Christ Our Savior and the twelve apostles… then, straw was wrapped around their torn bodies and they were burned alive.” [8]

In less than a decade after Columbus’ first landing the native population of the island of Hispaniola (Santo Domingo & Haiti)— and thousands and thousands of people — had dropped by a third to a half. Before the next century ended, the populations of Cuba and many other Caribbean islands had been virtually exterminated.

NORTH AMERICA


VIRGINIA
 
The Charter for the Virginia Colony stated that its purpose was to bring the Christian religion to those in ignorance of true knowledge of God.

Historian Edmund S. Morgan compiled the following description from Christian accounts of events occurring in one of the earliest settlements of English Christians, in Roanoke, Virginia in 1580:
“Wingina [the local chief] welcomed the visitors, and the Indians gave freely of their supplies to the English, who had lost most of their own when the Tyger [their ship] grounded.” [9]

“Indian openness and generosity were met with European stealth and greed. Ritualized Indian warfare, in which few people died in battle, was met with the European belief in devastating holy war. Vast stores of grain and other food supplies that Indian peoples had lain aside became the fuel that [later] drove the Europeans forward.” [10]

“Indians who came to the English settlements with food for the British (who seemed never able to feed themselves) were captured, accused of being spies, and executed. Peace treaties were signed with every intention to violate them: when the Indians ‘grow secure uppon the treatie,’ advised the Counsel of State in Virginia, ‘we shall have the better advantage both to surprise them & cutt downe theire Corne.’ ” [11]
Arthur Barlowe, one of the first Christians ever to set foot on Virginia soil, described the natives he encountered in 1584 as follows:

“…we were entertained with all love and kindness and with as much bounty, …as they could possibly devise. We found the people most gentle loving, and faithfull, void of all guile and treason … a more kind and loving people there cannot be found in the world, as farre as we have hitherto had triall.” [12]
Their supposedly Christian treatment of these friendly native Americas was that:
“…we burnt, and spoyled their corne, and Towne, all the people beeing fledde.” [13]

MIDWEST

Greed drove over a hundred thousand intruders into the area by 1825, few of whom were ever expelled. Though protection from intruders was a guarantee to the Cherokee by treaty, which the State of Georgia and the federal government were supposed to uphold it was never given the slightest honor by white interests. Forts were established to police against intruders but what they did was to harass the Cherokee and provide safety and protection for whites from those who tried to protect their families.
The State of Georgia insured no Cherokee would ever receive justice by forbidding the testimony or presence of any Native American in a court of law, period, just like the Nuremberg Laws of 1936 against Jews in Germany. This gave all whites free rein to terrorize, steal and kill any Native person they wanted to. No Cherokee “removed” because they wanted to, it was because the protection they were assured by treaty obligation was never provided.

The missionaries who entered Indian country were sent there to “civilize” the native people. They acquired this position by negotiation through treaty and were given vast amounts of land and guaranteed subsidies administered by the federal government out of tribal money. This money never touched the hands of the Cherokee and most often none was left after missionary, Indian agents, superintendents and corrupt tribal government leaders got done with it.

In 1832 Congress appropriated $12,000 dollars to begin the fight against smallpox in Indian country, 20 years after they did the same for whites. Significantly, actual vaccination expenditures that first year “for smallpox and certain other things” amounted to only $1,786, as opposed to $5,721 for “missionary improvement” and $9,424 for the “civilization of the Indians.” One year later, in 1833, actual expenditures were down to $721. [14]

This is why most Native Americans today who are knowledgeable of their history are pointing out that the United States Government waged genocide against their people. When medicine to heal children and families from a deadly and mortal disease is withheld, that agency which does this crime against humanity is committing genocide.

“Civilizing” meant taking children away from their parents at the ages of 5-12 years and forcing them to live without father, mother, sister or brother in missionary schools, if you can imagine that being done to a little child. This practice was not exclusive to the early years of American history but continued up until the mid 1970′s in this country. Children were beaten and given forced labor during their stay in school. Participation was “optional” but missionaries controlled the annuities of food and trust money through their relationship with superintendents and the military. Families that did not surrender their children did not receive food or payments that were supposed to be guaranteed to them.

Very young children caught in this situation were brainwashed to treat their parents as savages and barbarians and they suffered terribly under this psychological torture. By this method through several generations, Cherokees, like most Native Americans were stripped of the knowledge of their heritage, religious beliefs and trust of their family supports.

This is why it is called a Red Holocaust and fits the United Nations accords for genocide. Any people whose children are taken from them in order to destroy the religious, spiritual, racial and cultural heritage of that people are victims of genocide.

The pressure to build a slave based empire on Native Cherokee soil was highly successful. Thomas Jefferson who wrote the removal policy and openly supported genocide of Native Americans declared, “If ever we are constrained to lift the hatchet against any tribe we will never lay it down till that tribe is exterminated, or is driven beyond the Mississippi… they will kill some of us; we shall destroy all of them.” [15]

Missionary work was very big business. It afforded the building of careers, growth of denominational influence in regions that formed economic bases of support. Churches were established through lucrative payments from Indian funds and lands, which were deeded for use as farms, timber production and for sale in financing further ventures, not the least of which was buying selling and working their slaves. Churches and missionaries were aggressively competing for government contracts among the Native American people all the way up until the 1970′s when Native American Education legislation made it too difficult for the government to sever lands for missionary work without compensation.

To give some insight into the abuse of law that the State of Georgia in the early 19th century used to terrorize the Cherokee, the banishment of “intruders” was only enforced against whites, who stood up for the Cherokee by representing their interests. It was also used by whites through the… spoils system to get rid of squatters whose land was coveted by another white. Those whites who took public stands for Native people in the area were thrown out. Worcester was one such missionary. He returned and was thrown into prison for a year for his stand on Cherokee rights.

It is especially telling that while almost no Indians voluntarily lived among the colonists, the number of whites who ran off to live with the natives was a problem often remarked upon. Historian James Axtell has concluded that the whites who chose to remain among the natives

“…stayed because they found Indian life to possess a strong sense of community, abundant love, and uncommon integrity – values that the European colonists also honored… But Indian life was attractive for other values – for social equality, mobility, adventure, and as two adult converts acknowledged, ‘the most perfect freedom, the ease of living, [and] the absence of those cares and corroding solicitudes which so often prevail with us.’ ” [16]

After a century and a half of permanent British settlement in North America, even Benjamin Franklin joined numerous earlier commentators lamenting that

“…when an Indian child has been brought up among us, taught our language and habituated to our Customs, yet if he goes to see his relations and make one Indian Ramble with them, there is no perswading them ever to return.

[But] when white persons of either sex have been taken prisoners young by the Indians, and lived a while among them, tho’ ransomed by their Friends, and treated with all imaginable tenderness to prevail with them to stay among the English, yet in a short time they become disgusted with our manner of life, and the care and pains that are necessary to support it, and take the first good Opportunity of escaping again into the Woods, from whence there is no reclaiming them.” [17]

Since they were uttered by one of America’s founding fathers, however, the most widely admired of the South’s slaveholding philosophers of freedom, they conveniently have become lost to most historians in their insistent celebration of Jefferson’s wisdom and humanity.” Further references available. [18]

CALIFORNIA MISSIONS

The book, The Missions of California: A Legacy of Genocide, edited by Rupert Costo and Jeannette Henry Costo [19] (Indian rights activists), spells out the apparent brutality of the California Franciscan missionaries (and their founder Junipero Serra, who was to be made a saint) against the North American Indians; citing numerous contemporary accounts of the brutality and degrading conditions endemic to the mission system in California.

Interviews from 1985 with eight scholars (arranged by the Catholic Diocese of Monterey in defense of Serra) actually contain the strongest evidence against the mission system itself. The ethnocentrism of the interviewees and their at times embarrassing lack of knowledge regarding Indian ways, leads to numerous questionable assertions. Serra’s supporters generally acknowledge that the methods employed to convert the Indians would be unthinkable for missionaries to use today.

The work of A. L. Kroeber, Sherburne Cook, Robert Heizer (all cited in the text) and others establishes that the arrival of the Europeans was a cultural and demographic catastrophe for the California Indians. Too often it is forgotten that Serra aimed not just to convert the Indians to Catholicism but to eradicate Indian culture as well. It is in this sense that the book’s subtitle. “A Legacy of Genocide” is justified.
Many of Serra’s fiercest critics are individuals actively engaged in efforts to heal Indian society by recovering and honoring the traditional ways that bound tribes together for centuries. The attempt to sanctify a man who dedicated his life to the destruction of those ways is, understandably, galling to them.

Some accounts shed further light on the missions activities:

[T]he Puritan minister John Robinson had complained to Plymouth’s William Bradford that although a group of massacred Indians no doubt “deserved” to be killed, “Oh, how happy a thing had it been, if you had converted some before you killed any!” [20]

And kill them they did… At the mission of Nuestra Sentora de Loreto, reported the Franciscan chronicler Father Francisco Palone, during the first three years of Franciscan rule 76 children and adults were baptized, while 131 were buried… The same held true at others, from the mission of Santa Rosalin¡ de Mulegne, with 48 baptisms and 113 deaths, to the mission of San Ignacio, with 115 baptisms and 293 deaths – all within the same initial three year period.

MEXICO CITY

Unlike European cities of the late 1400’s, which were filled with squalor and disease (most Europeans never took a bath in their entire life, hence the invention of French perfume) [D.E. Stannard, American Holocaust. Columbus and the conquest of the New World, New York/Oxford 1992, pg. 59], Mexico was clean. The twin cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlateloico, know today as Mexico City, maintained high standards: wastes were hauled away by barge and composted for fertilizer, a thousand men swept and washed the streets every day. Refined Aztecs, who bathed daily, found it advisable to hold flowers to their noses when they met Europeans, who made it a point of being filthy. Most of Mexico’s streets were canals and an aquaduct brought drinking water from mountain springs. [21]

Hernan Cortez felt that this was by far the most beautiful city on earth, stated: “All of these houses have very large and very good rooms and very pleasing gardens of various sorts of flowers…” [22] The Christian visitors were astonished by the personal cleanliness and hygiene of the colorfully dressed populace, and by their extravagant (to the Christians) use of soaps, deodorants, and breath sweeteners. [23]
The Mexicans [Aztecs] were tolerant of other peoples, such as the Otomi, who lived among them. These had their own religion, culture, language… tribal hatreds did not seem to exist within the Mexican body politic.” [24]

As a consequence of Columbus’ ‘discovery,’ less than a century after his voyage the city had been sacked by Christians, its buildings and beautiful gardens burnt and devastated. The city’s inhabitants, who before Columbus had known only temporary slavery as a means of judicial correction, were either dead or permanent slaves to a Church-approved colonial feudal government, or directly to a Church which burned at the stake any survivors unwilling to be converted to a religion which even faithful Christians of today could only describe as a hopeless medley of absurd or revolting superstitions – one has only to think of the reliquaries, collections of skulls, bones, teeth, or other remains of so-called saints, enshrined and openly displayed to be worshiped – in any given Christian Church of the time.

THE PHILIPPINES

Shortly after the Spanish American war of 1898, the US obtained legal right to the Philippines via the Treaty of Paris. President McKinley stated that “military occupation of the islands is declared to be to protect the people.” For the president, American duty compelled the US to “uplift and civilize and Christianize them [the Philippines], and by God’s grace do the very best we could for them.” The Filipinos had not requested this, but their will was ignored as was their revolutionary government, and new constitution. The Filipino resistance to this American ‘help,’ was met with military might. The US command stated that, “it may be necessary to slaughter one-half of the rebellious Filipinos in order to bring the other half into subjection.”

Well over 200,000 Filipinos lost their lives in their struggle against American imperialism. The Methodist church, great champions of this war of ‘divine mission,’ did not distinguish imperialism from the mission of evangelization. James Henry Potts, editor of the Michigan Christian Advocate, was so confident of the righteousness of the cause that the human cost simply did not matter and we must “conquer the rebellious Filipinos and give them the blessings of the best administration possible… Those islands are ours.” Propagandists portrayed the Filipino resistance leaders as not representing the general will of the Filipinos, but were dismayed that they continued to resist. After all, Americans “knew what was best for the Filipinos,” they needed American guidance, but showed “no appreciation of the fact that America had lifted the galling Spanish yoke from their necks…” [replacing it, unfortunately, with their own yoke.]

The previous arbitrary cruel treatment of the Filipinos by the Spaniards was repeated by the American oppressors in their new view, as necessary measures to subdue the Filipino rebels. Thus the blame for their violent actions was transferred from the perpetrator of the action to the victim. This became clear when the public learned that U.S. soldiers perpetrated grave acts against mankind, including the brutal torture and execution of prisoners, the burning and looting of Filipino towns and the forced relocation of civilians.

Six hundred saloons had sprung up in Manila, which became over one thousand by 1900, (where formerly there were less than ten) and the armies’ abuses were blamed on alcohol. The Detroit Annual Conference of Methodists focused on temperance and overlooked the heinous activities committed by the army.
The cries of “God wills it,” were the religious justification for the assertion of political power fused with missionary zeal. Reverend William Oldham declared that “the roar of the (American) cannon was the voice of Almighty God declaring (the Philippines) shall be freed.” It was the mission of the Americans to spread the faith, and like the holy crusaders before, military conquest was the first step in this “holiest of wars.”

The eyes of the church were resolutely focused on American Protestant victory against Filipino independence and Catholicism. How far astray these Methodist missionaries had gone, is clearly illustrated by the statement of Editor Potts who proclaimed that the “worst war in the Philippines is yet to come,” since the Protestant missionaries encountered deeply entrenched Catholic beliefs and institutions which were viewed as opposing American principles and systems. Patriotism and Christianity had become indistinguishable and the Filipinos defense was perceived by these Christian invaders as unjustifiable resistance operating under the spell of ‘Satan’s Arts.’

BURMA and THAILAND

Accounts from local residents claim that:
The American Baptist Paul Lewis sterilized more than 20,000 Akha Hill Tribe women in Burma’s Eastern Shan State alone. This was done secretly, and blood was stolen from these women for resale, taken during the sterilization procedure. More than 3,000 of the women died. [25]

In Akha traditional culture, five people serve as the government in one village. This multiperson leadership system in villages was eliminated and replaced by single pastors who rule the villages with an iron fist, allowing no dissent or return to the traditional ways. These changes have sewn havoc amongst the locals.
“There would be no traditional practices, songs, or dances at all now, possibly something would be allowed at Christmas. The woman who practices the traditional knowledge and medicine for the village was stopped. She was told that it was evil and that she could no longer treat people’s illnesses. In the name of their religious beliefs, and quite in contradiction with the spirit of those beliefs, the missionaries are eradicating Akha culture in village after village. [26]

A Thai speaks out on mission activities in Thailand:

“Especially in Thailand, due to the high levels of prostitution, under the name of safeguarding young women, boarding schools for girls sprout up. But then the girls no longer want to marry Akha [non-Christian] men.” [27]

“Regarding religion, at the beginning it seemed to be very good. Later, it turned out to be a division among the people. Some became Catholics, some Protestants, some still holding their ancestors offering while others became Buddists. All these, they could not face to one another. The missionaries often cause dissention in the villages without permission of the village leaders.”

“Now we want to raise a question, how good is Christianity then? If that is good enough, why there are so many groups, teaching about Jesus and yet fighting one another? First they divided our people now they are dividing our villages and families. We seem to be like a prey for them. Better not to have one of them than having all of them.”

VIETNAM

Perhaps, you remember seeing the news videos of Buddhists burning themselves with gasoline in the 1960’s? Do you know why they burned themselves? They were protesting the discriminatory treatment and torture by the fanatical Catholic South Vietnamese government of Ngo Dinh Diem, installed by the U.S. military. With the Vaticans influence, led by Cardinal Spellman, democratic elections were stopped in Vietnam, and Dim installed. This was followed by the ill-fated Vietnam war.

Do you think that the government of the U.S.A. stands for democracy in every country? Actually they are only for democracies that elect a government favorable to or are cooperative with U.S. foreign policies. If they are not agreeable with and subordinate to U.S. interests, then covert U.S. forces make arrangements for other leaders, like Mussaraf in Pakistan, like so many leaders in South or Central America or Diem in Vietnam, to take power.

CHINA

Although most everyone has heard of the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900, few know that this rebellion was directly a reaction of the Chinese people to the Christian missionaries who swarmed into the country in order to convert the poor, illiterate, and defenseless Chinese. The rebellion was of course suppressed by the countries that were patronizing the converting missionaries.

In October of 2000, over twenty Chinese scholars, experts on history and religion, held a symposium, exposing the crimes committed by the then recently “canonized” foreign missionaries and their followers. Scholars listed a number of facts to illustrate that in modern history the activities of Catholic missionaries were closely linked with the invasion of China by foreign forces.

Prof. Dai Yi said, “Lots of foreign missionaries followed the warships of foreign aggressors to China in and after the Opium War, and actually foreign aggression and missionaries’ activities are combined into one. That is, missionaries’ activities were an integral part of invasion, missionaries acted as guides and tools for foreign aggressors and in return, aggressors paved the way for the missionaries’ activities.” It is the foreign missionaries that should answer for the consequences to their actions because their monstrous evils exasperated the Chinese people and eventually fused the outburst of the Yi He Tuan (known as Boxers) Movement.

Participants in the symposium pointed out that foreign missionaries executed in certain “religious cases,” such as Auguste Chapdelaine, Franciscus de Capillas and Albericus Crescitelli, had only themselves to blame for still being hated by people today, because they had stopped no evil.

The Holy See, disregarding the strong opposition from the Chinese people, “canonized” these infamous missionaries, which reveals the Vatican’s “vicious intention to intervene in China’s internal affairs through religious activities,” the scholars said, pointing out that the “canonization” tramples on the sovereignty of the Chinese Catholic Church, as well as a severe provocation to the 1.2 billion Chinese people.
The scholars all voiced their protest over the perverse and vicious deeds of the Vatican, saying that the present China is strong enough to protect its national security and national dignity and any attempt to distort history and humiliate the Chinese people is doomed to failure.

The Chinese government’s obvious reaction to such Christian preaching activities over many centuries has been to ban all conversion efforts in China.

INDIA

India’s first major contact with Christianity began when Vasco da Gama, from Portugal, landed with gunboat and priests in 1498… The newcomers were not only merchants but also devout Christians ordered by the Pope: “… to invade, conquer, and subject all the countries which are under rule of the enemies of Christ, Saracens (Moslems who fought against the Christian Crusaders in the middle ages) or Pagan….”

Hindus were forced to convert or faced torture and death. Thousands had to flee Goa in order to keep their culture and religious beliefs.

The historian Gaspar Correa described what Vasco da Gama did, thus:
“When all the Indians had thus been executed, he ordered them to strike upon their teeth with staves and they knocked them down their throats; as they were put on board, heaped on top of each other, mixed up with the blood which streamed from them; and he ordered mats and dry leaves to be spread over them and sails to be set for the shore and the vessels set on fire… ” Before killing and burning the innocent Hindus he had their hands, ears and noses cut off.
…”When the Zamorin (head of the Hindu population) sent another Brahmin (Hindu Priest) to Vasco to 
plead for peace, he had his lips cut off and his ears cut off. The ears of a dog were sewn on him instead and the Brahmin was sent back to Zamorin in that state. The Brahmin… had brought with him three young boys, two of them his sons and the other a nephew. They were hanged from the yardarm and their bodies sent ashore.”

Francis Xavier, a Jesuit Priest, came soon after Vasco da Gama, with the firm resolve of uprooting Hinduism from the soil of India and planting Christianity in its place. His sayings and doings have been documented in his numerous biographies. Francis Xavier, wrote back home,

“As soon as I arrived in any heathen village, when all are baptized, I order all the temples of their false gods to be destroyed and all the idols to be broken to pieces. I can give you no idea of the joy I feel in seeing this done.” The Church had a special way of dealing with converted Hindus who were suspected of not observing Christian rites with appropriate rigour and enthusiasm, or even of covertly practicing their old faith: “…the culprits would be tracked down and burnt alive.”[28]

Xavier called for an inquisition, recorded by historians as being more horrendous and barbaric than any prior to that. Thousands were tortured mutilated and killed. Thousands had to flee Goa in order to keep their traditional culture and religion.

It is recorded that between 600 and 1,000 Hindu temples and shrines were destroyed, but many consider these numbers to be on the conservative side. [29]

Many types of brutal torture were employed by the Inquisitors, such as mutilation of body parts, fire torture and drownings. The details of this torture are too ghastly and horrid to contemplate for any sane human being.

”Children were flogged and slowly dismembered in front of their parents whose eyelids had been sliced off to make sure they missed nothing. Extremities were amputated carefully, so that a person could remain conscious even when all that remained was a torso and a head.”[30]

The archbishop of Evora, in Portugal, eventually wrote, “If everywhere the Inquisition was an infamous court, the infamy, however base, however vile, however corrupt and determined by worldly interests, it was never more so than in Goa. [31]

No body knows the exact number of Goans subjected to these diabolical tortures; low estimates put the number in the tens of thousands, high estimates are in the hundreds of thousands, perhaps even more. The abominations of these inquisitions continued from 1560 until a brief respite was given in 1774, but four years later, the inquisition was introduced again and it continued un-interruptedly until 1812 — the inquisition in Goa wend on for over two-hundred and fifty years. At that point in time, in the year of 1812, the British put pressure on the Portuguese to put an end to the terror of the Inquisition and the presence of British troops in Goa enforced the British desire.[32]

Dr. Trasta Breganka Kunha, a Catholic citizen of Goa writes, “Inspite of all the mutilations and concealment of history, it remains an undoubted fact that religious conversion of Goans is due to methods of force adopted by the Portuguese to establish their rule. As a result of this violence the character of our people was destroyed. The propagation of Christian sect in Goa came about not by religious preaching but through the methods of violence and pressure. If any evidence is needed for this fact, we can obtain it through law books, orders and reports of the local rulers of that time and also from the most dependable documents of the Christian sect itself.”[33]

A proposed celebration for the 500 year anniversary of Vasco de Gama’s arrival in India was fiercly proposed and successfully stopped, bringing together a surprising alliance of Hindus, Muslims, left wing campaigners and environmentalists.

The Gaur-Sarasvata Brahmins were one such sect who had to flee at the hands of the invading fanatics. Now their sect is situated in the state of Karnataka. Leaving everything behind and starting from scratch they are now a very well to do and prosperous community. Their temples rival any in the world. Still practicing their ancient Vedic religion, the Gaur-Sarasvata Brahmins are recognized for their dignity, honesty and contributions to society. This soundly nullifies the idea propagated by the Christian zealots that Hindu religion is heathen and pagan.

Frances Xavier is commonly known as ‘St. Francis Xavier,’ ‘the Patron Saint of the East.’ He is still worshipped, prayed to and honored as the pure representative of Jesus Christ and his gospel by Christians all over the world. There are innumerable hospitals, schools, and other institutions in India named after him. Even today the archdiocese of Goa boasts,

“The glorious chapter of the expansion of the Catholic Church in the east can be said to have begun after the European ‘discovery’ of the sea route to India in 1498. This helped the coming of the European fathers to these lands, one of them being St. Francis Xavier, the great Apostle of the East and Patron of the Missions. Goa is privileged to have been the starting point of his Church work labours and the place where his sacred remains are preserved. Goa was called the “Rome of the East” due to the central role it played in evangelization of the east.” [34]

India today is ruled by a secular government modeled after the western democracies. What many Indians do not understand is that the idea of secular government, first seen in the United States of America, was a reaction to the theocratic tyrannies that pervaded the Dark Ages of Europe all the way to the founding of the American nation. Separation of religion and government were an effort to ward off and prevent any Christian theocracy from taking control in modern times.

Now the Christian tactics have changed, but their underlying premise that ‘Christianity is the only true religion’ nullifies all their attempts of portraying themselves as tolerant and loving. The reality is that Christianity has not changed its theology, it has only changed its techniques of conversion. Christian evangelists are now using vast amounts of wealth (billions of US dollars) to spread their propaganda. Mission activity in India comes in the guise of helping the downtrodden, sick and helpless. In reality the aim is the same — to convert all to Christianity and in the wake destroy all the cultures and religions that lie in the way. There is no need to abuse, attack, or condemn the Non-Christian religions. The plain truth is the Christian Missionaries work with usage of lies, falsehood, and hypocrisy. The social improvement facade is only a camouflage or disguise for conversion work.

Why should the Christian Missionaries want to collect converts? Because it is in the nature of the religions of exclusivity (Islam and Christianity) to try to make every one like them in terms of religion. They have no use, whatsoever, for pluralism or respect for other religions; in fact what they have is pure contempt for other religions. Further, this exclusivity attachment and attitude comes straight from the horse’s mouth i.e. from their scriptures. For instance, in the Bible Matthew 28:19-20, Mark 16:15-16, and Luke 24:46-47 every Christian is commanded to make converts and it is the duty of every Christian to uphold these commands of the Bible.

A glance at their activities in India clearly reveals that the Christian Missionaries denigrate and demonize the Hindus every single day. Hinduism is equated with Devil Worship and Hindus are described as Heathens, as workers for the Devil, and as lost souls who are headed straight to hell.

Now-a-days, in most civilized countries, open and outright utterance of ignoble and unflattering slurs and put downs on the basis of race, religion, creed, or other affiliation is not tolerated because it has been legislated as illegal. But in Pseudo-Secular India, Hindus can be freely insulted, abused, degraded and dragged into mud, by the Christian Missionaries with impunity, without any fear of lawsuit. They freely broadcast their Hate-Hindu, vile and vituperative propaganda into Indian villages and cities.
Because the preacher of Christianity single-mindedly believes his loathing gospels of hate, seeing them as divine commands from his religion, he utters venom and vindictiveness against the Hindu with zeal and with [in their estimation] a clear conscience.

Nearly every single day, rhetoric similar to the words below confirm the reality that Christianity, while posing as a religion of love, peace and tolerance is anything but that.

“These Hindu Heathens have their idols and their superstitions, their idol-bearing temples and shrines where they conduct their noisy foolish rituals and ceremonies. They generate a lot of evil. They are totally ignorant that Jesus Christ came to overcome death. There is a great need to propagate the Christian Gospel amongst them.”

Only now is India beginning to realize what the Christian Mission activity is really all about. This is evidenced in states like Nagaland, Mizoram, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and in other areas in Northeast India. As soon as Christians become a majority in a given area, they sow the venom of hatred and strife, turning family member against family member, villager against villager and instigate their Christian followers to ask for self-determination and a Christian Homeland. This is virtually the same technique that the Moslems continue to use with success.

As soon as a convert is made, they are greatly encouraged to vehemently and publicly denigrate their previous culture, traditions and everything related to it. This greatly disrupts the entire community and its normal social and economic activities.

Militant Christians in several of these Northeastern Indian provinces have been forcing non-Christian residents to either convert to Christianity or face capital punishment. With death staring at their face, most of the adult members have fled the villages to escape torture, resulting in disruption of agricultural activities. Buddhist leaders of both the states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh have strongly condemned the heinous carnage committed by the militants on the peace-loving Buddhists and tribal cult followers.
Because Hindus now know what the Christians are up to, it is time to take some serious steps to counter the Christian propaganda and instill pride in Indians across the nation for their glorious past and distinguished Vedic heritage.

For Additional Information on the Goan Inquisition, please visit:
The Portuguese Invasion of Goa
Details of the Goan Inquisition
Hindu Genocide in Goa

CONCLUSION

Christians have always portrayed non-Christian civilizations as backwards, underdeveloped, superstitious, and barbaric. What really underlies all of their criticism is that these cultures do not accept Jesus, the Bible and their western way of life. This is what, in the Christians’ opinion, deems these cultures as needing their help, when in fact the their fervor to destroy any theistic conception other than Christianity or any temple other than a church shows that they are really the ones who are showing the qualities of barbarians.

Today, many are uninformed and believe that mission excesses only took place in prior times and today’s preaching works are a ‘good thing.’ But as long as the basic premises and theology that underly all the abuses that took place in the past are not corrected, the result of mission activities will remain the same: Genocide and destruction of all that lies in its way, replacing it with the ‘superior religion and culture’ that most missionaries believe they are delivering.

In retrospect, these various ethnic cultures were far better off before the introduction of Christianity, as it had nothing better to offer them. In reality, these cultures were decimated, their histories were erased, their cultural traditions eradicated, their former religions destroyed and they were left more unhappy than before the arrival of Christianity.

There have been many revisions in the teachings of Jesus Christ since it first took hold some 2,000 years ago. But until the xenophobic and iconoclastic teachings of the Bible are corrected, mission activity will yield the same catastrophic results. As taught in the Bible, ‘we can know a tree by its fruit,’ these evangelists need to adopt a more pluralistic theology, recognizing the divinity in other religions and the contributions of other cultures and further recognize that theirs is not the only path to salvation. Suffice it to say, until these things have been corrected, that to label such endeavors for Christ as good works or pious activity is wrong.

Otherwise, in this modern age, those deemed with good intelligence, who are advanced in philosophy and science, have no other choice than to condemn these preaching activities worldwide, which seek to destroy ethnic cultures. Mission activities need to be monitored and the conversion agenda needs to be reconsidered.

Footnotes

——————————————————————————–
[1] Akha Chronicles, Book 1: Maesai, Chapter 20: Missions. Available online: http://www.akha.org/upload/akhachronicles/chapter20missionaries.htm
[2] Genocide is defined by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) article 2 as any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such: “Killing members of the group; Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; and forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide
[3] S. P. Attri, Conversion Aggression, http://conversionagenda.blogspot.com/2004/01/conversion-aggression.html
[4] Chris tian apology for the Crusades: The Reconciliation Walk. http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_cru1.htm
[5] C.M. Cipolla, Before the Industrial Revolution, London 1981, pg. 55ff.
[5.5] http://web.archive.org/web/20080415222023/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustasha , http://web.archive.org/web/20080415222023/http://www.priestsofdarkness.com/gold.html , http://web.archive.org/web/20080415222023/http://www.holocaustrevealed.org/_domain/holocaustrevealed.org/Yugoslavia/Yugoslavia-Croatia.htm .
[6] http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A42755-2001Jun8?language=printer
[7] Excerpt of the Requerimiento.
[8] D.E.Stannard, American Holocaust. Columbus and the conquest of the New World, New York/Oxford 1992, pg. 72.
[9] E.S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom, New York 1975, pg. 39.
[10] D.E. Stannard, American Holocaust, Columbus and the conquest of the New World, New York/Oxford 1992. Pg. 106
[11] Ibid.
[12] Ibid, Pg. 227.
[13] Ibid.
[14] ed. Stuewe, Paul K., KANSAS REVISITED: HISTORICAL IMAGES AND PERSPECTIVES, article by Unrau, William, The Depopulation of the Kansas Indians”)
[15] Footnote source to Jefferson: The source of the statement is indeed Thomas Jefferson dating from 1807 when addressing his Secretary of War regarding any Indians who resisted American expansion into their lands.
David Stannard in American Holocaust, The Conquest of the New World, Oxford Press 1992, page 120 expands further, “These were not offhand remarks, for five years later, in 1812, Jefferson again concluded that white Americans were obliged to drive the ‘backward’ Indians ‘with the beasts of the forests into the Stony Mountains’ and one year later still, he added that the American government had no other choice before it than ‘to pursue (the Indians) to extermination, or drive them to new seats beyond our reach.’ Indeed, Jefferson’s writings on Indians are filled with the straightforward assertion that the natives are to be given a simple choice — to be extirpate(d) from the earth’ or to remove themselves out of the American’s way.’ Had these same words been enunciate by a German leader in 1939 and directed at European Jews, they would be engraved in modern memory.
[16] J. Axtell, The Invasion Within, New York 1985, pg. 327.
[17] Ibid, pg. 303.
[18] Drinnon, Facing West, pp. 96, 98, 116; Ronald T. Takaki, Iron Cages: Race and Culture in 19th Century America (New York: Alfred A. Knof, 1979), pp.61-65.
[19] The Missions of California: A Legacy of Genocide, edited by Rupert Costo and Jeannette Henry Costo, San Francisco: Indian Historian Press, 1987.
[20] Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, pg. 374f.
[21] R. Wright, Stolen Continents. The Indian Story, London 1992, pp. 20-21.
[22] D.E. Stannard, American Holocaust. Columbus and the conquest of the New World, New York/Oxford 1992, pg. 5.
[23] B.R. Ortiz de Montellano, Aztec Medicine, Health, and Nutrition, New Brunswick 1990, pg. 127f.
[24] H. Thomas, Conquest. Montezuma, Cortés, and the Fall of Old Mexico, New York 1993, pg. 19.
[25] Akha Chronicles, Book 1: Maesai, Chapter 20: Missions. Available online: http://www.akha.org/upload/akhachronicles/chapter20missionaries.htm
[26] Ibid.
[27] The Akha Heritage Foundation, http://www.eco-action.org/mission/akha1.html, http://www.akha.org/
[28] Paul William Roberts, Empire of the Soul, Some Journeys in India (Riverhead Books, New York)
[29] History of Hindu Chris tian Encounters, Sita Ram Goel, South Asia Books (July 1990), ISBN 9990049173.
[30] Ibid.
[31] The Empire of the Soul by Paul William Roberts (Harper Collins, 1999)
[32] Ibid.
[33] The Portuguese Invasion, http://www.indpride.com/portuguese%20invasion.html
[34] The Archdiocese Of Goa and Daman, http://www.archgoadaman.org/Dioceses/index.htm